It is now 24 years since the Islamic extremist network, known as al-Qaeda, hijacked the US passenger jets and crashed them into the two New York skyscrapers. The act killed thousands of people with others nursing injuries in various medical facilities. The attack was the most traumatic event in the century, with many political analysts asking how the world will remember the date a century later. With so many controversies surrounding the attack, the main questions to be considered are: was 9/11 a global warning of International Relations getting into a violent context? Was it a turning point that altered the United States and the trajectory of world politics in significant ways? Will the future generations see it as a catalyst for a series of catastrophic international blunders? Or is it just a one-off event with modest impacts? Of course, the interpretation of the meaning attached to 9/11 will vary depending on who narrates it. While the attack left a historic dent to Americans, Afghans, Iraqis, Saudis, and Europeans, people from other parts of the world may not feel the impact as those with first-hand experience. Besides, these memories may fade away from our consciousness following a series of recent events that need our attention. The Historic 9/11 Talking of how 9/11 will be remembered, it is wise to also highlight some of the major events that went down on that day. On Tuesday 11th September 2001, four US passenger planes were seized by a team of 19 hijackers. The planes were then used as guided missiles to crash into two buildings in New York and Washington. Two planes hit the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, with the first crashing into the North Tower at 13:46 GMT and the second one crashing into the South Tower at 14:03 GMT. Hundreds of people were trapped on the upper floors as the city wreathed in smoke. Within two hours, the two 110-story towers collapsed in the dust. At 14:37 GMT, the third plane crashed into the western face of the Pentagon, which is the giant headquarters of the US military just outside the nation’s capital, Washington DC. The fourth plane landed in a field in Pennsylvania at 15:03 GMT. The attackers were said to target the Capitol Building in Washington DC before passengers fought back. The Islamic network, al-Qaeda, led by Osama Bin Laden planned the attacks after blaming the US and its allies for conflicts in Muslim World. A total of 2,977 people, excluding the 19 hijackers, died in the terror attack. According to the statistics, all 246 passengers on the four planes and crew, 2,606 people at the Twin Towers, and 125 people at the Pentagon were killed. 77 countries lost their citizens in the horrific event with New York City losing 441 first responders. The 9/11 Aftermath The truth is that 9/11 was not just a one-off event from a clear blue sky. It was a global warning that the next decades would not bring boundless peace and prosperity. Of course, al-Qaeda was less primitive in those days than an augury of the anti-liberal politics that would soon reach the whole world, including America. And as 9/11 still plunges in our minds, we can significantly link it to the series of historic events that have followed this major one. As such here are some shreds of evidence that remind the world of 9/11: The Iraq War with its early arrogance and prolonged agony. The use of torture to terrorist which undermined Bush’s every high-flown phrase. The financial crisis, which undermined American's wealth and trust. The return of the Taliban in Afghanistan, the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, and the rise of right-wing populism in America. (Written and edited by The Decision Maker - International Relations editors)

Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Kent Announced Dead London, 5 September 2025 Release by Buckingham Palace It is with deep sorrow that Buckingham Palace announces the death of Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Kent. Her Royal Highness passed away peacefully last night at Kensington Palace, surrounded by her family. The King and Queen and all Members of The Royal Family join The Duke of Kent, his children and grandchildren in mourning their loss and remembering fondly The Duchess’s life-long devotion to all the organisations with which she was associated, her passion for music and her empathy for young people. (Source:

BREAKING: Angela Rayner Resigns as Deputy Prime Minister London, 5 September 2025 After being found to have breached the ministerial code, Angela Rayner resigned from her position as housing secretary and deputy prime minister. The now-former deputy prime minister acknowledged underpaying stamp duty on her second house in Hove, which prompted an investigation headed by ethics watchdog Sir Laurie Magnus. She said she "deeply regretted" the £40,000 tax underpayment that resulted from faulty advice when she bought her £800,000 seafront flat in Hove. Prime Minister, Sir Keir Starmer has been unclear about whether he would fire his housing secretary and deputy prime minister if it turned out that she had violated the ministerial code. (Source: LinkedIn news and City AM )

How is Aristotle’s Rhetoric Applied in 2025 Aristotle’s rhetoric, as outlined in his seminal work “Rhetoric” (circa 350 BCE), is still highly relevant today, especially in fields like politics, marketing, media, law, and social movements. The three main pillars of his rhetorical framework—“ethos”(credibility), “pathos” (emotion), and “logos”(reason)—continue to shape communication strategies in 2025. Here’s how Aristotle's rhetoric is applied in modern contexts: Political Discourse In today’s political landscape, politicians and leaders rely heavily on Aristotle's rhetoric to persuade the public, gain support, and shape opinions. Ethos A politician’s credibility is crucial. Leaders build trust through their past actions, expertise, and reputation. Social media platforms often amplify their ethos, as candidates are able to curate their public image and share their expertise in real-time. Pathos Politicians tap into the emotional sentiments of the electorate, especially during campaigns. They use evocative language, symbols, and media to connect with voters' hopes, fears, and values. Emotional appeals (e.g., fear-mongering or hope-building) are prevalent in political ads and speeches. Logos Campaigns often rely on data and facts, especially with the growing influence of social media analytics and voter behavior predictions. Politicians use statistics, facts, and logical arguments to validate their policy positions and sway undecided voters. Marketing & Advertising Marketers are masters of Aristotle’s rhetorical triangle in 2025, manipulating ethos, pathos, and logos to persuade consumers to buy products, engage with brands, or support causes. Ethos Brands build credibility through endorsements from influencers or celebrities. Trustworthiness is key—companies highlight their expertise, quality assurance, and customer service to gain consumer confidence. Pathos Emotional appeals are the heart of modern advertising. Brands often tap into cultural movements (like sustainability or social justice) or create compelling narratives that resonate emotionally, using nostalgia, humor, or empathy to persuade. Logos Clear, logical arguments support product claims. Data-driven marketing is common: brands use customer reviews, product specifications, and detailed comparisons to convince consumers that their choice is the rational one. Social Media and Online Communication In 2025, social media platforms have made the application of rhetoric more direct and immediate, with influencers and content creators leveraging Aristotle’s methods. Ethos Influencers use personal branding to build trust and credibility. They often become experts in a specific niche (e.g., fitness, finance, beauty) and are perceived as reliable sources of advice. Pathos Content creators use emotional appeals to engage their followers—through storytelling, humor, or empathy—building a connection with their audience. This is especially true for viral content, which relies heavily on stirring emotion. Logos Logical arguments appear in the form of data, tutorials, or “how-to” content. Creators might present facts, studies, or evidence to support claims, especially in areas like health, finance, or technology. Law and Legal Arguments Lawyers and judges continue to use Aristotle’s rhetoric to craft compelling arguments and make decisions based on persuasive logic. Ethos A lawyer's reputation, past successes, and knowledge are central in establishing credibility with the jury or judge. Pathos Lawyers use emotional appeals to elicit empathy for their client or to paint an emotionally charged picture of the consequences of a legal decision (e.g., victim impact statements). Logos Legal arguments are typically rooted in logical reasoning. Lawyers will use evidence, precedents, and detailed legal arguments to construct a rational case in favor of their client. Social Movements and Activism In activism, Aristotle's rhetorical concepts are used to mobilize and inspire action. Ethos Leaders and activists build credibility by demonstrating their commitment to a cause, showing expertise, or gaining support from prominent figures. Pathos Activists often use pathos to stir emotional responses in the public, whether it's by showcasing injustice or appealing to shared human values. Logos Activists rely on facts, studies, and evidence to support their causes. Data on environmental destruction, inequality, or public health is often used to present logical arguments for change. Corporate Communication & Public Relations In the corporate world, companies and public relations firms use rhetoric to shape their brand image, manage crises, and communicate effectively with stakeholders. Ethos Corporate leaders establish trust with the public by promoting transparency, ethical business practices, and social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives are common. Pathos Companies engage in emotional storytelling to humanize their brands, whether through heartwarming ads or campaigns that focus on social good. Logos Data and facts about product benefits, sustainability efforts, or corporate performance are used to persuade investors, customers, and the public. Education & Learning Educators and communicators use Aristotle's rhetoric to teach, inspire, and engage students. Ethos Teachers and educational institutions build credibility by showcasing their qualifications, expertise, and the effectiveness of their teaching methods. Pathos Teachers often engage students emotionally, making learning personal or relevant to their lives. Motivational speeches or encouraging storytelling are tools for building engagement. Logos Teachers structure their lessons logically, presenting clear arguments, facts, and evidence to support the concepts they are teaching. Artificial Intelligence and Rhetoric In 2025, even AI systems—like chatbots or automated content generators—are utilizing Aristotle’s principles to communicate persuasively. Ethos AI-generated content often aims to be authoritative, accurate, and helpful. Systems like ChatGPT or Google’s AI tools aim to build trust through their reliability and usefulness. Pathos AI is being programmed to identify and adapt to emotional cues. In customer service, for example, AI might adjust its tone or language to empathize with a customer’s frustration or joy. Logos AI uses data and logical reasoning to provide accurate information, answer questions, and assist with decision-making. To Summarise…. Aristotle’s rhetorical principles continue to be adapted in new and evolving ways, especially with the rapid advancements in digital communication and technology. His timeless framework provides a strong foundation for persuasive communication, whether in traditional or modern contexts. (Written by, The Decision Maker - Culture editors)

BREAKING: Trump - Zelensky Talks in Process London, 18 August 2025 Trump: “I don’t do ceasefire” - “if everything works out well, we will have a trilateral meeting” (with Putin) • Trump hopes for long term peace, calls for Ukraine not to join NATO • Zelensky notes that Ukraine will need all the help they can get • Trump says the US will be involved in Ukraine security • Trump to call Putin after the end of the meeting with Zelenzky - Zelensky notes he is “ready” for a trilateral meeting • Air raid surens in Ukraine while talks begin • President Trump states that Zelensky can stop the war immediately Source: BBC news

Cigars Pairing: The Ultimate Dream Team for Your Premium Cigar Experience Cigars have a long-standing reputation as symbols of luxury and indulgence. Lighting one up is more than just a habit; it's an experience that engages your senses and offers a chance to unwind. Whether you’re an experienced cigar lover or just starting, discovering the right pairing can make your cigar experience truly exceptional. I shall attempt to highlight the best pairings (according to my opinion) for premium cigars, enhancing the flavours and aromas while creating unforgettable moments. Understanding the Basics of Cigar Pairing To find the perfect pairing, it's important to grasp some fundamentals of cigar pairing. The primary goal is to identify complementary flavors that elevate both the cigar and the beverage or food you choose. Consider the cigar's strength, flavor profile, and aroma when making a selection. A full-bodied cigar may overpower a lighter drink, while a milder cigar could be overshadowed by a strong spirit. According to experts, about 70% of your enjoyment comes from the interplay of flavors between the cigar and its pairing. Experimentation is essential! Don't hesitate to mix and match different options to discover what delights your taste buds. Classic Pairings: Whiskey and Cigars One of the most celebrated and tested pairings is whiskey and cigars. The complexity and warmth of whiskey can beautifully enhance the subtle flavors of a premium cigar. Bourbon and Cigars Bourbon is known for its sweet and smoky profile, making it a fantastic match for cigars that share similar flavors. Look for cigars with notes of caramel, vanilla, or oak. For instance, pairing a Woodford Reserve Bourbon with a cigar like the Padron 2000 can result in a delightful combination—both have hints of caramel and earthy undertones, creating a cohesive flavor experience. A glass of bourbon next to a premium cigar Scotch and Cigars Scotch whisky, especially those with a peaty character, can create a striking contrast when paired with creamy cigars. A robust cigar like the Cohiba Siglo VI can stand up to the bold flavors of a Laphroaig Scotch, leading to a memorable tasting experience. Rye Whiskey and Cigars Rye whiskey, renowned for its spiciness, pairs exceptionally well with cigars exhibiting a peppery kick. An example is a rich rye whiskey like Bulleit, which works perfectly with the Liga Privada No. 9 cigar, resulting in a dynamic flavor profile that excites the palate. Wine and Cigar Pairings Wine offers an impressive range of flavors and aromas, making it an excellent choice for pairing with cigars. Red Wine and Cigars Full-bodied red wines like Cabernet Sauvignon or Malbec complement the richness of robust cigars. The tannins in the wine enhance the cigar's flavors. For instance, a Cabernet Sauvignon from Napa Valley can elevate a cigar like the Romeo y Julieta 1875, resulting in a remarkable balancement of flavours. White Wine and Cigars If you favour white wine, opt for a full-bodied Chardonnay. Its buttery notes pair beautifully with creamy cigars—think a Montecristo No. 2 to achieve a luxuriously smooth experience. Sparkling Wine and Cigars Sparkling wines such as Champagne or Prosecco introduce a refreshing contrast to rich cigars. The effervescence refreshes your palate, making them ideal accompaniments for lighter cigars like an Ashton Classic. Coffee and Cigar Pairings Coffee is a classic companion to cigars, providing a rich and aromatic experience. Espresso and Cigars A bold espresso can enhance the flavors of a full-bodied cigar. The coffee's bitterness balances the sweetness found in some cigars, such as the Oliva Serie V. Cold Brew and Cigars On a warm day, consider pairing a cold brew coffee with a milder cigar. The smooth, mellow tones of cold brew complement the flavors without overpowering. For example, a Nicaraguan cigar like the Oliva Connecticut Reserve fits well with a smooth cold brew. Flavoured Coffee and Cigars Flavoured coffees, such as those infused with hazelnut or vanilla, can add an exciting element to your cigar experience. Pair these with a cigar that has similar notes for a harmonious tasting journey. Food Pairings: Elevating Your Cigar Experience Pairing cigars with food can create a multi-sensory experience that tantalizes your taste buds. Charcuterie and Cigars A charcuterie board with cured meats, cheeses, and nuts makes for an excellent cigar accompaniment. The varied flavors and textures can enhance the overall experience and draw out different notes in your cigar. Dark Chocolate and Cigars Dark chocolate, with its rich flavors, pairs superbly with many cigars. Try a 70% cocoa chocolate with a cigar like the Macanudo Inspirado Black for a beautifully balanced pairing. Grilled Meats and Cigars Grilled meats, especially those with smoky flavors, complement the richness of a cigar. The charred notes from the grill enhance the cigar's profile. A steak paired with a rich cigar like the CAO Flathead will surely satisfy. Exploring Unique Pairings While traditional pairings are wonderful, don’t hesitate to venture into more unique combinations that can surprise your palate. Craft Beer and Cigars Craft beers offer diverse flavor profiles that can create exciting pairings. A citrusy IPA pairs nicely with a creamy cigar like the Arturo Fuente Gran Reserva, while a rich stout enhances the flavors of a full-bodied smoke, such as the AJ Fernandez New World. Tea and Cigars Tea can also serve as a refreshing alternative to traditional pairings. Black or oolong teas can complement the cigar without overwhelming its flavors. Match a smooth oolong tea with a mild cigar like the Hoyo de Monterrey for an enjoyable experience. Cocktails and Cigars Craft cocktails present another fun pairing option. A well-balanced cocktail can enhance the flavor of a cigar, creating a unique tasting experience. For example, a classic Old Fashioned pairs beautifully with a rich Maduro cigar. Tips for Perfect Pairings To ensure successful pairings, consider these key tips: Balance is Key : Aim for a balance between the strength of the cigar and the accompanying beverage or food. Experiment : Don’t hesitate to try new combinations. Your palate is unique; sometimes unexpected pairings lead to delightful surprises. Keep Notes : Maintain a journal of your pairings. Document your favorites and the combinations you enjoyed the most. Seek Recommendations : Don’t hesitate to ask fellow cigar enthusiasts or local cigar shops for their personal favorites. Enjoy the Journey : The world of cigar pairings is exciting. Slowly explore and take time to enjoy the rich flavors waiting for you. Your Path to Exceptional Pairings Pairing a premium cigar with the right beverage or food can elevate your smoking experience into something truly extraordinary. Whether you opt for whiskey, wine, coffee, or even craft cocktails, the combinations are endless. The key is to experiment and find what resonates with your individual taste. Enhance your cigar enjoyment while creating memorable moments. Gather your favorite cigars, try new pairings, and savor the rich flavors that await you. Happy smoking! (Written by, Angelos Tsigkopoulos) A charcuterie board with a premium cigar A glass of red wine beside a premium cigar

European Equities Fall London, 18 August 2025 As traders awaited a pivotal week for US monetary policy and watched peace talks over Ukraine, the Stoxx 50 traded cautiously lower and the Stoxx 600 hovered around the flatline on Monday. Investors anticipated that Jerome Powell, the chair of the Federal Reserve's Jackson Hole symposium, would offer insight into the future for interest rates. Amid worries that Kyiv would be pressured to accept terms that favor Moscow, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy and European leaders were scheduled to meet US President Donald Trump in Washington to negotiate a potential peace agreement. Following the new IRS safe harbor regulations, Vestas' stock increased 9.7%, making it one of the best-performing single equities on the STOXX 600. Additionally, Novo Nordisk had a more than 3% increase in value on Tradegate following the US approval of Wegovy, a weight-loss medication, to treat the liver illness MASH. Commerzbank's stock, meanwhile, fell 3.7% when Deutsche Bank cut its rating from "Buy" to "Hold." Stats On August 18, 2025, the EU50, the primary stock market index for the Euro Area, dropped to 5419 points, down 0.55% from the previous day. Trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that monitors this benchmark index from the Euro Area shows that the index has up 1.42% over the previous month and is up 11.23% from the same period last year. The Euro Area Stock Market Index (EU50) peaked in March 2025 at an all-time high of 5568.65. The most recent update to the Euro Area Stock Market Index (EU50) data, projections, and historical chart was made on August 18, 2025. (Source: Tradingeconomics.com )

US-EU Dialogue on Peace Talks with Ukraine Following the Alaska Summit London, 18 August 2025 The recent summit in Alaska between President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin marked a new chapter in the ongoing conflict over Ukraine. As geopolitical tensions rise, the United States and the European Union are preparing for an important dialogue with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. The goal of this meeting is to explore effective pathways to peace and stability in Ukraine, a country that has faced turmoil since the annexation of Crimea and the outbreak of war in Eastern Ukraine in 2014. As Trump rules out Ukraine on claiming Crimea or joining NATO, we shall focus on the implications of the Alaska summit, the upcoming discussions between the US, EU, and Ukraine, and the wider context of international relations that impact these diplomatic efforts. US - EU Flags The Alaska Summit: A Turning Point The Alaska summit marked a significant moment in US-Russia relations, as both leaders addressed various issues, including security, trade, and the long-standing conflict in Ukraine. This meeting was characterized by a complex mix of confrontation and dialogue, showcasing the uneasy relationship between the two nations. The outcomes of the summit bring concerns about the future of Ukraine and how the West can support its sovereignty. After facing threats of further aggression, Ukraine's resilience is now more crucial than ever. In fact, as of 2022, around 45% of Ukrainians believed that recent international support had improved their country's security situation. A tranquil Alaskan landscape reflecting the summit's backdrop The discussions in Alaska have laid the groundwork for the upcoming talks involving the US, EU, and Zelenskyy. As Ukraine's leader prepares to meet with Western partners, the focus will be on diplomatic solutions to the ongoing conflict with Russia. The Role of the US and EU in Ukraine Since the crisis began in 2014, the United States and the European Union have played critical roles in supporting Ukraine. Their efforts have included imposing economic sanctions on Russia, providing military aid, and facilitating diplomatic conversations. As the situation develops, both the US and EU are seeking to reinforce their commitment to Ukraine's sovereignty. The discussions with President Zelenskyy will likely target several key areas, including: Security Assistance : The US has provided approximately $2.5 billion in military aid to Ukraine since 2014, helping to strengthen its defense against Russian aggression. Continued military support will focus on enhancing Ukraine's air and naval capabilities. Economic Aid : With an economy still recovering from substantial conflict-related damages, economic assistance continues to be vital. For instance, in the last year, the US has committed around $1.3 billion in economic aid to help stabilize Ukraine's financial situation. Diplomatic Engagement : Developing strategies to engage Russia in productive discussions will be essential for reducing tensions and fostering peace. This collaborative approach from the US and EU is crucial for keeping Ukraine's needs at the forefront of international priorities. President Zelenskyy's Vision for Peace President Zelenskyy has consistently called for a peaceful resolution to the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. His administration places a strong emphasis on dialogue and negotiation, striving to involve both Western allies and Russia in meaningful discussions to end hostilities. Zelenskyy's vision includes: A Comprehensive Peace Plan : This plan aims to address the root causes of the conflict and outline actionable steps for reconciliation. Zelenskyy has proposed measures including a ceasefire, withdrawal of foreign troops, and local elections in disputed regions. International Support : By leveraging the influence of the US and EU, Zelenskyy seeks to compel Russia to comply with international agreements and norms. Reconstruction Efforts : Plans are also in place to restore war-torn regions in Ukraine. An estimated $5 billion is required for comprehensive reconstruction efforts to rebuild infrastructure, homes, and essential services in affected areas. The upcoming discussions will be pivotal in determining how effectively Zelenskyy's peace initiatives can be advanced. A historic Ukrainian landmark symbolizing resilience and hope The Geopolitical Landscape The conflict in Ukraine has implications that extend beyond the region, influencing global security and international dynamics. Major powers like the US and Russia play significant roles, underscoring Ukraine's strategic importance in global geopolitics. Key factors influencing the situation include: NATO's Role : The North Atlantic Treaty Organization has been key in supporting Ukraine and deterring Russian aggression. For instance, NATO's Enhanced Forward Presence involves thousands of troops stationed in Eastern European member states to bolster regional defenses. European Security : Maintaining stability in Eastern Europe is vital for EU security. An unstable Ukraine risks the safety of neighboring EU countries, making the resolution of this conflict a top priority for European leaders. Global Economic Implications : The ongoing conflict has disrupted trade routes and energy supplies, impacting economies worldwide. About 35% of the natural gas that Europe imports comes through Ukrainian pipelines, so any disruptions can affect energy prices and supply stability across the continent. Understanding these dynamics is vital for grasping the stakes involved in the US-EU dialogue with Ukraine. Anticipated Outcomes of the US-EU Dialogue As the US and EU prepare for discussions with President Zelenskyy, several potential outcomes may emerge from these talks: Strengthened Alliances : A reaffirmation of the US and EU's commitment to Ukraine could reinforce alliances and enhance collaborative efforts in defense and recovery. New Initiatives : The introduction of fresh programs aimed at aiding Ukraine's defense and economic recovery could build momentum for effective solutions. Increased Pressure on Russia : A unified stance from the US and EU may lead to greater diplomatic pressure on Russia to engage in constructive dialogue. Public Support for Peace : The international community and public opinion can be rallied to support peace initiatives, creating broader momentum for positive change. These outcomes will be crucial for shaping Ukraine's future and its relationship with the West. Challenges Ahead Despite the hopeful prospects for peace, significant challenges remain: Russian Resistance : Russia's historical tendency to resist meaningful negotiations stands as a major hurdle to peace efforts. Internal Divisions : Political rifts within Ukraine can impede the implementation of a unified peace strategy, complicating the pathway to resolution. Global Distractions : Other international crises could divert focus and resources away from the important work of resolving the Ukraine conflict. Overcoming these challenges will necessitate strong coordination and commitment from all parties involved. The Road Ahead The upcoming talks between the US, EU, and President Zelenskyy signify a pivotal moment in the pursuit of peace for Ukraine. The diplomatic engagement and support from Western powers are now more vital than ever. With global attention on these discussions, the outcomes could significantly alter the future of Ukraine and influence the international geopolitical landscape. The US and EU's dedication to Ukraine's sovereignty and stability remains essential in tackling the complexities of this ongoing conflict. In this uncertain time, hope for peace continues to guide all parties involved. While the path forward may be fraught with difficulties, open dialogue and cooperation can lead to a brighter future for Ukraine. A peaceful Ukrainian countryside symbolizing hope and resilience

The US-EU Trade Deal Closed at 15% London, 29 July 2025 The European Union will accept a 15% duty on the majority of its exports to the United States while lowering tariffs on some American goods to zero as part of a trade agreement with President Donald Trump, which European leaders attempted to defend Monday. German industry leaders have warned that the agreement exposes the car sector and will reduce the competitiveness of European businesses. According to Wolfgang Niedermark, a member of the executive board of Germany's BDI industrial group, "the agreement is an inadequate compromise and sends a disastrous signal to the closely intertwined economies on both sides of the Atlantic." Ursula von der Leyen, president of the European Commission, praised the deal, saying it will give consumers and companies certainty and predictability. Von der Leyen referred to tariff rates Trump threatened to reach as high as 50% and encouraged detractors to "not forget where we came from." (Source: Bloomberg . Edit by, The Decision Maker Finance editors)

What's Behind the Increase of Activist Investors Which Companies Play a Leading Role and What Does the Future Hold? By Angelos Tsigkopoulos Founder & CEO, Diorasis Group Publisher, The Decision Maker magazine Michaeal Douglas as Gordon Gekko from the film "Wall Street", 1987, Picture by Villains Wiki Summary With the ever-evolving landscape of corporate governance, a notable trend has emerged in recent years – the increase of activist investors. These investors, often hedge funds, have gained significant influence in shaping the strategies and decisions of the companies they target. Key Points The role of hedge funds in driving this surge of activist investors The disclosure rules surrounding their activities Companies that have played leading roles in this space What does the future holds for this growing trend The Role of Hedge Funds Hedge funds, with their vast pools of capital and sophisticated investment strategies, have long been known for their ability to generate substantial returns. Their involvement in activist investing has added a new dimension to their role in the financial markets. By taking substantial equity stakes in target companies, these funds aim to influence management decisions and drive enhanced shareholder value. Hedge funds employ various tactics to achieve their goals, such as advocating for changes in corporate strategy, demanding board representation, or even pushing for a sale or merger of the target company. Their actions often make headlines and can have a significant impact on the companies they target. Disclosure Rules on Activist Investors To ensure transparency and protect the interest of other shareholders, regulators have imposed disclosure rules on activist investors. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), for example, requires investors who hold more than 5% of a company's stock to file a Schedule 13D or 13G, which discloses their intentions and share ownership. However, some hedge funds take advantage of loopholes and delay their disclosure until they have amassed a significant stake in a company. This practice, known as “wolf-packing,” enables them to keep their investment activities hidden from public view until they are ready to disclose their intentions. Such tactics can create challenges for regulators in monitoring and regulating activist investing activities effectively. Leading Companies in Activist Investing Several companies have faced the brunt of activist investors and have become household names in the world of corporate activism. One such example is Apple Inc., which faced pressure from activist investor Carl Icahn. Icahn was vocal about his belief that Apple was undervalued and pushed for the company to increase its share buyback program. Apple eventually succumbed to his demands and considerably expanded its capital return program. Carl Icahn During a Conference 1980, Picture by Wikipedia Another notable case is the pharmaceutical giant, Allergan. It experienced a hostile takeover attempt by activist investors Bill Ackman and Valeant Pharmaceuticals. Ackman's hedge fund, Pershing Square Capital Management, accumulated a substantial stake in Allergan and pursued a merger with Valeant. Although the takeover ultimately failed, it highlighted the power of activist investors in shaping the future of companies. Bill Ackman in 2016, Picture by Wikipedia What Does the Future Hold? The future of activist investing appears to be promising, with no signs of slowing down. As hedge funds continue to amass large pools of capital, the potential for increased activism remains high. Additionally, changing market dynamics and evolving investor expectations are likely to fuel further interest in this approach. However, there are concerns about the potential downside of activist investing. Critics argue that short-term profit motives may overshadow the long-term interests of companies and their stakeholders. Excessive pressure for immediate results could hinder strategic decision-making and inhibit essential investments in research and development or long-term growth initiatives. Regulators and market participants will need to strike a delicate balance between protecting shareholders' rights and promoting sustainable corporate governance. Stricter disclosure rules and improved monitoring mechanisms may be required to promote transparency while allowing investors to express their views constructively. To conclude, the increase of activist investors, particularly hedge funds, has transformed the corporate landscape. These investors wield considerable influence over the companies they target and can shape their strategies and decision-making. As this trend continues to evolve, it is important for regulators, companies, and investors alike to carefully navigate the challenges and opportunities presented by activist investing. Only with a balanced and well-regulated approach can this phenomenon contribute positively to the advancement of shareholder value and corporate governance.

Digital Economy: Investing in Bitcoin Without Buying Bitcoin? Are Indirect Investments A Safer Option When Going Crypto? If there is anything that we have learned so far is that no form of crypto, including Bitcoin, has 100% stability. It was a few years back (2020-2021) when elon Musk wiped out 16% of bitcoin’s price value with a single tweet (X’s name back then) which has since had people being worry about investing in Bitcoin and crypto overall. The Philadelphia-based principal financial advisor on Wealth, S. Bhargav, has shared compelling insights into how to ensure financial safety with crypto going forward. We should probably be afraid that the hit taken by Bitcoin back then isn’t guaranteed to be the last one, but luckily, there are other investment options to stake on cryptocurrencies for the future that can lag investors from the seemingly random price slumps. Tracking Bitcoin Whether you are interested in cryptocurrencies or you already own Bitcoin and you are revaluating how to invest in the future with minimal risk, there are multiple ways Bhargav has enlisted herein that you can use to indirectly expose yourself to the growing popularity of cryptocurrencies, notwithstanding the price dips. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) approved a cryptocurrency stock exchange-traded fund (ETF) earlier in the year. According to a SEC prospectus filed earlier this month, the entities the ETF will track are called “Bitcoin Industry Revolution Companies.” These companies are either holding a majority of their net assets in bitcoins like MicroStrategy or make most of their profits from cryptocurrency mining or manufacturing mining machines like Marathon Digital Holdings. What Does That Mean for The Average Investor? The rise of Bitcoin in the financial ecosystem has seen companies go public with calls for regulations to be put in place for Bitcoin to be offered in the mainstream brokerage accounts. This means that as an average investor, you would prefer to get indirect exposure to Bitcoin via company shares. But how else can you invest in Bitcoin without necessarily buying it? Let’s get the insight: Buy Stock in Bitcoin-Related Companies Most companies that have bought Bitcoins make financial decisions with regards to bitcoin. This means that the average investor can go indirectly and buy shares from such companies as a way of third-party exposure to bitcoins. Bhargav says it is a great start for those aspiring to invest long term in crypto because such companies charge traders with exchange valuations determined in close correlations with fluctuations in bitcoin price value. The latest companies to do direct listings are MicroStrategy and Coinbase Global Inc. Invest in The Bitcoin Encryption Technology As a digital currency, Bitcoin takes tremendous work going into encryption before it is stored in Blockchain. This creates an opening for bitcoin mining companies to develop digital currency units. And owning a stake in such companies helps investors get indirect access to bitcoin. Invest in Altcoins Altcoins, as in alternative coins, are secondary digital currency creations that have come up in the wake of the creation of the bitcoin. An example is Litecoin (2011), which research indicates has outperformed the bitcoin 178% to 86% this year. The second Altcoin is Ethereum, which has risen 400% in the same period. (Research and edit by, The Decision Maker - Finance editors)

Francis Fukayama stresses the drastic transformations the American political system has undergone since its founding in his “America in Decay – The Sources of Political Dysfunction.” He believes that no administrative system has a place in a world in which small interest groups can wield so much power. A just political system, though, would be able to counteract the unjust power that elite networks hold. Therefore, the future would belong to the most effective states, just so long as they are being run legitimately and fairly. Due to a far greater potential for superior protection, a heightened possibility for a better way of life, and greater economic prospects, the most effective states would triumph over the peer-to-peer, decentralized networks. Unity, centralized organization, and common goals have long been key to protecting states from aggressors. Smaller, decentralized networks, conversely, tend to struggle more with unifying and all fighting together under the same leaders. Part of the reason the Union Army emerged victorious from the American Civil War was its strong cohesiveness and shared belief it was fighting for a just cause. The Confederacy, though, suffered from disarray within the states it constituted. It was largely unable to rally behind one leader and government due to its belief in states’ rights, which equated to decentralization. While much of the Confederate South stood together, parts of East Tennessee were running rampant with Unionists who would oppose the Confederate cause in any way possible. Many of these Unionists formed groups to oppose the Confederate Government, which undermined the stability of the region as well as the war effort. Thus, for a state or organization to look toward the future, let alone remain in existence, it must be able to efficiently protect itself. In this aspect, the most effective state clearly has an advantage Effective, centralized, and powerful states have also born witness to the some of the greatest discoveries and inventions in history. Such innovations ultimately improve the way of life of the state’s citizens. America is known to be a leader in the technological and medical frontiers, and yet has always relied on the government, in varying extents. Such a relationship dates back to the time of Alexander Hamilton and has continued throughout the sections of American history in which the country remained united and centralized. Examples include West Point being founded in the early 1800s by the U.S. government to foster a domestic advancement in engineering as well as when Congress allocated the money to build a revolutionary telegraph line from Washington D.C. to Baltimore in 1843. In the nineteenth century, the government also invested in biological and medical fields, aiding in the development of numerous cures. In Sub-Saharan Africa, though, decentralization has recently become the norm in dealing with urban development. As a result, responsibility for basic services, such as sanitation, electricity, and portable water, fall to sub-national authorities. Such decentralization practices have led to favouritism among certain parties, along with advantages to them in upcoming elections. In other words, decentralization has resulted in political parties winning over voters with the quality of their service, meaning they could just as easily use their power to punish their opponents. Hence, states that are operative and centralized tend to excel and operate more fairly in their development than those who choose to remain decentralized. Economies tend to thrive most in powerful, legitimate, and operative states. A prime example of this is the United States of America. Even after the recession that occurred in 2007-2008, it is currently regarded as the world’s largest economy. Numerous natural resources, a well-organized infrastructure, and high productivity are trademarks of the American economic system. Such qualities have made America attractive to foreign investors, as over $2.4 trillion dollars of foreign investments have been made in the American economy. These ample foreign investments make the economy stronger, and a stronger economy results in more investors. Decentralized networks of nations often have numerous troubles with their economies, as seen in early America. In the early days of the country, there were ongoing debates about how centralized the government should be, leaving it in a state of disunity. Most states had differing currencies, whether it be paper money, hard coins, or whiskey. No true national economic infrastructure was formed, and several monetary waves of panic ensued. Additionally, foreign countries were wary of investing in the wobbly nation, making matters even more difficult. Had the early American governing system been more consolidated, its economy would likely not have gotten off to such a rough start. In summary, the most effective states definitely seem to be better suited for the future than their decentralized counterparts. They have the upper hand in large part because of their better ability to protect themselves, their being fertile grounds for innovation and development of every sort, and their far greater potential for economic prosperity. (Written and edited by: The Decision Maker - International Relations editors)